最近的一篇討論回覆「回覆: ubuntun 14.04, psql 無法使用 [
#4] [
#5] [
#6]」，
裡面有紀錄跟這個議題相關的探索，可以一併參考。
以下測試環境「Xubuntu 16.04 amd64 英文界面」
================================================================================
執行
$ cat /etc/default/locale
顯示
# File generated by update-locale
LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF-8"
執行
$ locale
顯示
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LANGUAGE=en_US
LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8
LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8
LC_NAME=en_US.UTF-8
LC_ADDRESS=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TELEPHONE=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8
LC_IDENTIFICATION=en_US.UTF-8
LC_ALL=
執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW locale
顯示
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LANGUAGE=zh_TW
LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8
LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8
LC_NAME=en_US.UTF-8
LC_ADDRESS=en_US.UTF-8
LC_TELEPHONE=en_US.UTF-8
LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8
LC_IDENTIFICATION=en_US.UTF-8
LC_ALL=
================================================================================
執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW ls --help
顯示
用法：ls [選項]... [檔案]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files;
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l and/or -s, print human readable sizes
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
-l 使用較長格式列出資訊
-L, --dereference 當顯示符號鏈結的檔案資訊時，顯示符號鏈結所指示
的目標而並非符號鏈結本身的資訊
-m 所有項目以逗號分隔，並填滿整行行寬
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size, largest first
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
with -l: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
-1 list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
--help 顯示此求助說明並離開
--version 顯示版本資訊並離開
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
================================================================================
執行
$ whereis ls
顯示
ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1posix.gz
執行
$ dpkg -S /bin/ls
顯示
coreutils: /bin/ls
表示「
/bin/ls」這個檔案，是屬於「
coreutils」這個套件。
執行
$ apt-file search coreutils.mo | grep zh_TW
顯示
language-pack-zh-hant-base: /usr/share/locale-langpack/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo
policycoreutils: /usr/share/locale/zh_TW.Big5/LC_MESSAGES/policycoreutils.mo
policycoreutils: /usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/policycoreutils.mo
表示「
/usr/share/locale-langpack/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo」這個檔案，是屬於「
language-pack-zh-hant-base」這個套件
================================================================================
執行
$ grep '使用較長格式列出資訊' /usr/share/locale-langpack/* -R
顯示
Binary file /usr/share/locale-langpack/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo matches
================================================================================
執行下面指令，下載「
language-pack-zh-hant-base」這個套件的「Source Package:
language-pack-zh-hant-base」。
$ apt-get source language-pack-zh-hant-base
會下載兩個檔案
* language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627.dsc
* language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627.tar.gz
並且解開到資料夾「language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627」
然後執行
$ find language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627 -name coreutils.po
顯示
language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627/data/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.po
language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627/data/zh_HK/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.po
執行
$ grep '使用較長格式列出資訊' language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627/data/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.po -n -A 4 -B 10
顯示
4993-
4994-#: src/ls.c:4795
4995-msgid ""
4996-" -l use a long listing format\n"
4997-" -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic\n"
4998-" link, show information for the file the link\n"
4999-" references rather than for the link itself\n"
5000-" -m fill width with a comma separated list of "
5001-"entries\n"
5002-msgstr ""
5003:" -l 使用較長格式列出資訊\n"
5004-" -L, --dereference 當顯示符號鏈結的檔案資訊時，顯示符號鏈結所指示\n"
5005-" 的目標而並非符號鏈結本身的資訊\n"
5006-"
================================================================================
執行下面指令，產生一個測試資料夾
$ mkdir -p test
切換到「test」這個資料夾
$ cd test
執行下面指令，複製「coreutils.po」來測試
$ cp ../language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627/data/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.po ./
執行
$ ls
顯示
coreutils.po
執行
$ grep 'but do not list owner' coreutils.po -n -A 2 -B 2
顯示
4947-
4948-#: src/ls.c:4760
4949:msgid " -g like -l, but do not list owner\n"
4950-msgstr ""
4951-
請使用您慣用的編輯器，修改「coreutils.po」這個檔案的第「
4950」行
或是也可以透過「
poedit」來編輯。
原本是
msgstr ""
改成
msgstr " -g 類似 -l, 不過不顯示擁有者欄位\n"
然後執行下面指令，產生「coreutils.mo」
$ msgfmt -o coreutils.mo coreutils.po
就會產生一個檔案「coreutils.mo」
執行下面指令確認
$ ls -1
顯示
coreutils.mo
coreutils.po
執行下面指令，將剛剛產生的「coreutils.mo」複製到「
/usr/share/locale-langpack/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo」。
$ sudo cp coreutils.mo /usr/share/locale-langpack/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo
執行下面指令，測試「ls --help 」的顯示結果
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW ls --help
或是執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW ls --help | grep '類似'
會看到
-g 類似 -l, 不過不顯示擁有者欄位
或是執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW gettext -e -d coreutils ' -g like -l, but do not list owner\n'
顯示
-g 類似 -l, 不過不顯示擁有者欄位
或是執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW TEXTDOMAIN=coreutils gettext -e ' -g like -l, but do not list owner\n'
顯示
-g 類似 -l, 不過不顯示擁有者欄位
================================================================================
若要復原，只要執行下面的指令，重新安裝「
language-pack-zh-hant-base」這個套件就行了。
$ sudo apt-get install language-pack-zh-hant-base --reinstall
================================================================================
上面只是顯示原理給您瞭解，您也可以重新編譯「language-pack-zh-hant-base」的「Source Package」
然後在透過「sudo dpkg -i」來安裝編譯好的「Debian Binary Package」。
在剛剛執行完「apt-get source language-pack-zh-hant-base」後，
執行下面指令，切換「language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627」這個資料夾
$ cd language-pack-zh-hant-base-16.04+20160627/
執行
$ ls -1
顯示
COPYING
data
debian
執行
$ sudo debian/rules binary
會產生一個檔案「
language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627_all.deb」。
執行
$ ls ../*.deb
顯示
../language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627_all.deb
然後執行下面指令，安裝「
language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627_all.deb」。
$ sudo dpkg -i ../language-pack-zh-hant-base_16.04+20160627_all.deb
================================================================================
## 相關索引
*
[索引] 文件編碼*
[索引] 套件操作實務*
[影片教學][TOSSUG] Debian 套件打包工作坊## 相關討論
* 回覆: 為什麼要這樣翻譯 - 「
#4」，「
#10」
* 討論這篇「邁向永續的臺灣桌面應用自由軟體在地發展」- 「
#1」
## Wikipedia
*
gettext (
中文)
##
GNU gettext*
manual$ info gettext
================================================================================
## Package
*
gettext*
gettext-doc*
gettext-base## Manpage
* man
msgfmt================================================================================
執行下面指令，下載「
coreutils」這個套件的「Source Package:
coreutils」。
$ apt-get source coreutils
coreutils_8.25-2ubuntu3~16.04.debian.tar.xz
coreutils_8.25-2ubuntu3~16.04.dsc
coreutils_8.25.orig.tar.xz
並且解開到「coreutils-8.25」這個資料夾
執行
$ find coreutils-8.25 -name zh_TW.po
顯示
coreutils-8.25/po/zh_TW.po
執行
$ grep '使用較長格式列出資訊' coreutils-8.25/po/zh_TW.po -n -A 4 -B 10
顯示
5395-
5396-#: src/ls.c:4891
5397-msgid ""
5398-" -l use a long listing format\n"
5399-" -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic\n"
5400-" link, show information for the file the link\n"
5401-" references rather than for the link itself\n"
5402-" -m fill width with a comma separated list of "
5403-"entries\n"
5404-msgstr ""
5405:" -l 使用較長格式列出資訊\n"
5406-" -L, --dereference 當顯示符號鏈結的檔案資訊時，顯示符號鏈結所指示\n"
5407-" 的目標而並非符號鏈結本身的資訊\n"
5408-" -m 所有項目以逗號分隔，並填滿整行行寬\n"
5409-
執行
$ grep 'but do not list owner' coreutils-8.25/po/zh_TW.po -n -A 2 -B 2
顯示
5332-
5333-#: src/ls.c:4856
5334:msgid " -g like -l, but do not list owner\n"
5335-msgstr ""
5336-
另外發現有一個地方有翻譯，但發現該處的「msgid」和「msgstr」有點對不上執行
$ grep '但不列出擁有者' coreutils-8.25/po/zh_TW.po -n -A 5 -B 14
顯示
5358-
5359-#: src/ls.c:4871
5360-#, fuzzy
5361-msgid ""
5362-" -H, --dereference-command-line\n"
5363-" follow symbolic links listed on the command "
5364-"line\n"
5365-" --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir\n"
5366-" follow each command line symbolic link\n"
5367-" that points to a directory\n"
5368-" --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell "
5369-"PATTERN\n"
5370-" (overridden by -a or -A)\n"
5371-msgstr ""
5372:" -g 類似 -l，但不列出擁有者\n"
5373-" -G, --no-group 不列出任何有關群組的資訊\n"
5374-" -h, --human-readable 以容易理解的格式印出檔案大小 (例如 1K 234M 2G)\n"
5375-" --si 類似 -h，但取 1000 的次方而不是 1024\n"
5376-" -H, --dereference-command-line 使用指令列中的符號鏈結指示的真正目的地\n"
5377-
執行
$ grep 'but do not list owner' coreutils-8.25/src/ls.c -n -A 1 -B 1
顯示
4855- fputs (_("\
4856: -g like -l, but do not list owner\n\
4857-"), stdout);
執行
$ grep 'dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir' coreutils-8.25/src/ls.c -n -A 6 -B 3
顯示
...略...
--
4870- fputs (_("\
4871- -H, --dereference-command-line\n\
4872- follow symbolic links listed on the command line\n\
4873: --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir\n\
4874- follow each command line symbolic link\n\
4875- that points to a directory\n\
4876- --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN\
4877-\n\
4878- (overridden by -a or -A)\n\
4879-"), stdout);
================================================================================
## main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <libintl.h>
#define PACKAGE "coreutils"
#define LOCALEDIR "/usr/share/locale"
#define _(msgid) gettext (msgid)
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
textdomain(PACKAGE);
printf("LANGUAGE=%s\n", getenv("LANGUAGE"));
fputs (_("\
-g like -l, but do not list owner\n\
"), stdout);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
執行下面指令編譯
$ gcc -o demo main.c
執行
$ ./demo
顯示
LANGUAGE=en_US
-g like -l, but do not list owner
執行
$ LANGUAGE=zh_TW ./demo
顯示
LANGUAGE=zh_TW
-g 類似 -l, 不過不顯示擁有者欄位
$ man 3
gettext$ man 3
bindtextdomain$ man 3
textdomain註：
上面雖然使用「#define LOCALEDIR "/usr/share/locale"」，
關於「/usr/share/locale-langpack」是從那邊設定的，可以參考「
#5 回覆: ubuntun 14.04, psql 無法使用」這篇的探索。
這個範例，則是可以對照「
#6 回覆: ubuntun 14.04, psql 無法使用」的「
測試十一」來看。
================================================================================
以上提供參考
報告完畢
2017-09-19 05-35-47 的螢幕擷圖.png (261.67 KB)
工具箱
